But at 1045, he reversed orders, turning the Maddox back toward the coast, this time to the north of Hon Me Island. O A. land and freedom According to John Prados of the independent National Security Archive, Hanyok asserted that faulty signals intelligence became "vital evidence of a second attack and [Johnson and McNamara] used this claim to support retaliatory air strikes and to buttress the administration's request for a Congressional resolution that would give the White House freedom of action in Vietnam. yo no ______ (salir) sin mi pasaporte. Resulted from a minor naval conflictc. Lieutenant Commander Paterson is a foreign area officer and former history instructor at the U.S. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. The Truth About Tonkin. In the meantime, as a demonstration of presence and power, The Maddox was joined by the USS Turner Joy. CH 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles Vocab, Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentat, US Citizenship and Naturalization Test 2019 (, Cole Conlin, Elizabeth Millan, Max Ehrsam, Parthena Draggett, An Integrated Approach to Intermediate Japanese Workbook, Betsy Kerr, Guy Spielmann, Mary Rogers, Tracy D.Terrell, la prise de conscience de notre impact sur la plan. They were there as part of an effort to support South Vietnamese military raids on what was then the North Vietnamese coast. Rather than being on a routine patrol Aug. 2, the U.S. destroyer Maddox was actually engaged in aggressive intelligence-gathering maneuvers in sync with coordinated attacks on North Vietnam by the South Vietnamese navy and the Laotian air force. Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? NSAPAC REP VIETNAM 200100ZAUG64. "16 Amid all the other confusion and growing doubt about the attack, this battle report was a compelling piece of evidence. Both houses of Congress passed the resolution on August 7, the House of Representatives by 414 votes to nil, and the Senate by a vote of 88 to 2. In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. . Why Norway? False reports were also presented, and the president didn't know about them. On the night of August 4, both the Maddox and Turner Joy reported they were under attack. And six decades ago, so the histories of those years have it, a small group of Norwegian seamen were entangled in a presidential deceit that led to an earlyand bloodyturning point in the Vietnam war. However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. Johnson and McNamara recording, 03 August 1964 at 10:30 a.m., recording provided by the, Presidential Recordings Program, Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. Additionally, messages that were forwarded contained "severe analytic errors, unexplained translation changes, and the conjunction of two messages into one translation." . Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 46. On Friday night, as you probably know, we had four TP [sic] boats from [South] Vietnam, manned by [South] Vietnamese or other nationals, attack two islands, and we expended, oh, 1,000 rounds of ammunition of one kind or another against them. Hey, did yall hear Thutmose the Great didnt actually damage Hapshetsups monuments? Funny how no one mentions the fact the Gulf Of Tonkin incident, the false flag event that 'justified' the Vietnam war. We probably shot up a radar station and a few other miscellaneous buildings. B. The Maddox, with its superior firepower and better defenses easily thwarted the attack. They used a questionable report of a North Vietnamese attack on American naval vessels to justify the president's policy to the electorate and to defuse Republican senator and presidential candidate Barry Goldwater's charges that Lyndon Johnson was irresolute and "soft" in the foreign policy arena.30, For his part, McNamara never admitted his mistakes. There were a number of key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident: The USS Maddox was sent to support the South Vietnamese mercenaries. Inlet of Tonkin episode, complex maritime occasion in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the shore of Vietnam, that was introduced to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unmerited assaults by North Vietnamese torpedo water crafts on the destroyers. Unlike Captain Herrick, Stockdale had no doubt about what had happened: "We were about to launch a war under false pretenses, in the face of the on-scene military commander's advice to the contrary. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. For most of the last five decades, it has been assumed that the Tonkin Gulf incident was a deception by Lyndon Johnson to justify war in Vietnam. Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. The featured story comes from the Counter Currents website and was titled: Covert Operations In Continue reading . of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? And then, two days later, on August 4, the Johnson administration claimed that it had been attacked again. Here are 10 you may or may not be familiar with that turned out to be true. Updates? Five months ago that teamworkabout which we still know very littleresulted in the destruction of two pipelines, on orders of President Biden, with international implications yet to be determined. Quoted in Robert McNamara's In Retrospect, (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. Opposed Vietnamese independence and supported French attempts to retain its colonial control The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allowed for the president to send combat troops to Vietnam. L. 88-408, 78 Stat. History, 21.06.2019 19:50. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem Resulted from a minor naval conflict The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? There's no question but what that had bearing on it. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a brief confrontation between United States and North Vietnamese warships, off the coast of northern Vietnam in August 1964. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident? He was a decorated war hero from World War II and the Korean War, with a great enough public presence to consider politics if he so chose after his military career. Even though Pierce-Arrow was ordered shortly after the dubious reports of the second attack on the Maddox and Turner Joy, Johnson addressed the nation at 11:30 PM eastern time about the confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Sharp admitted that there was a "slight possibility" because of freak radar echoes, inexperienced sonarmen, and no visual sightings of torpedo wakes. Corrections? At present cannot even estimate number of boats involved. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 47. See Summary Notes of the 538th meeting of the National Security Council. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate Fog of War - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Vietnam War - In the mid-1950s, the U.S. intervened militarily in Vietnam, beginning what has been called a "crisis in slow motion." Americans convinced that the fall of South Vietnam to Communism would eventually result in the "fall" of all of Southeast Asia, believed this war was an effort to prevent North Vietnam from unifying North and . The first incident took place on August 2 . McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. Answer: Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. le tourisme responsable, c'est de ne plus voyager du tout. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 13. One of the pilots, Navy Commander James Stockdale, commanding officer of VF-51, recalled that they passed over the unscathed Maddox at 1530, minutes after the 22-minute surface engagement had ended. Requested by Johnson, the resolution authorized the chief executive to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." It was in fact a more detailed report about the action on August 2, and there had not actually been an attack on August 4. www.WhiteHouseTapes.org. Congress concluded that it had been caused by China. ed. But once-classified documents and tapes released in the past several years, combined with previously uncovered facts, make clear that high government officials distorted facts and deceived the American public about events that led to full . 2. 278. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. That night, the South Vietnamese staged more OPLAN 34A raids. In addition to the difficult detection conditions, the Maddox's SPS-40 long-range air-search radar and the Turner Joy's SPG-53 fire-control radar were both inoperative.9 That night, Herrick had the two ships move out to sea to give themselves maneuver space in case of attack. Maddox. Edwin E. Mose, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), pp. That report had been misinterpreted, however. 5-8; Andrade and Conboy, "The Secret Side.". A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The police used tear gas and billy clubs against anti-war protesters, and members of the New Left and the black power movement who were demonstrating outside the convention. Prior to the two incidents the U.S. had provided substantial aid to South Vietnam and also had a number of military advisers in South Vietnam. She spent most of the next 42 years working as a copy editor and editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident. The Maddox, on patrol in the area but probably unaware of the raids that had taken place, observed torpedo boats sent out in pursuit of the South Vietnamese vessels and thus withdrew, but it returned on August 1. But several hours later he forwarded his doubts about what had happened up the chain of command.Naval Historical Center. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as adhereamorousdefinitivefluentaffinityanimositydegenerategregariousalliterationcohereelucidateinherentamateurconfineengenderliteraryamicablecongregationfinaleluminary. 29. On hearing of the authorization's passage by both houses of Congress, the delighted President remarked that the resolution "was like Grandma's nightshirt. The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. This time, however, President Johnson reacted much more skeptically and . Instead, it's believed that the crewmembers of the Maddox mistook their own sonar . In return, the lead vessel launched a torpedo and veered away. il est impossible de compenser ses missions CO2. C. It showed the willingness of North Vietnam to make peace. The Gulf of Tonkin theory. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. a woman's right to choose in the first trimester. Captain Herrick also began to have doubts about the attack. In his speech, he outlined his intent to retaliate and would formally request from Congress the power to take such action. Corrections? War is an enemy of all the humanity and human civilization. On November 22, 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. See LTCOL Delmar C. Lang's chronology of the SIGINT reports (14 Oct 1964) on National Security Agency homepage, http://www.nsa.gov/vietnam/. (19) Immediately after placing a load upon the hanger, however minuscule, the cardboard tube collapses into its natural equilibrium-the classic V-shape. C'estr difficile pour nous de changr nos modes de vie. The Maddox and Turner Joy moved out to sea, but both reported that they were tracking multiple unidentified vessels approaching their positions. "28, Johnson himself apparently had his own doubts about what happened in the Gulf on 4 August. Aware of North Vietnamese intent from the earlier SIGINT message, Captain Herrick ordered gun crews to open fire if the fast-approaching trio closed to within 10,000 yards of the destroyer, and at about 1505 three 5-inch shots were fired across the bow of the closest boat. President Johnson is overcome with grief as he listens to a tape sent by his son-in-law, Captain Charles Robb, from Vietnam in 1968. One pilot was killed, Richard Sather, and another was captured, Everett Alvarez, who was held in Hoa Lo Prison, better known as the Hanoi Hilton, for eight years. Ill give more brainly points, Which statement best illustrates how Elizabeth Van Lew was able to organize Naval Institute Photo archive. On the evening of July 30-31, South Vietnamese commandos attacked two North Vietnamese islands near where. It was probably his kid, so history has been mad at the wrong person all along. Foreign Relations of the United States, 19641968, vol. In fact, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as it became known, turned out to be a fictitious creation courtesy of the government to escalate war in Vietnam leading to the deaths of tens of thousands of U.S. troops and millions of Vietnamese, fomenting the largest anti-war movement in American history, and tarnishing . Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. What was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? 1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. The USS Maddox destroyer, which was the U.S. ship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident, shown in the 1960s. Its stated purpose was to approve and support the determination of the president, as commander in chief, in taking all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. All of his policy decisions, foreign and domestic, were considered through the prism of the November vote. Hanyok claimed that "The overwhelming body of reports, if used, would have told the story that no attack occurred. 21. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. There is no doubting that fact. The Maddox fired at the torpedo boats, which fired back. Seventh Fleet in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2 and August 4, respectively. A myriad of issues confronted the new president, not the least of which was the ongoing crisis in Vietnam. The following day, the Maddox found that it was being approached by three North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Furthermore, the evidence suggests a disturbing and deliberate attempt by Secretary of Defense McNamara to distort the evidence and mislead Congress. President Johnson signed it on August 10, giving the executive far greater power to conduct military operations, without a declaration of war, than had ever been granted before. [T]hey operate on their own. You've read 1 out of 5 free articles of Naval History this month. 8. On August 2, 1964, the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox was performing its intelligence-gathering mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Indiquez si les phrases suivantes sont vraies ou fausses. H. R. McMaster, Dereliction of Duty (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 129. On 2 August 1964, North Vietnamese patrol torpedo boats attacked the USS Maddox (DD-731) while the destroyer was in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Confederate leaders' households. A. More than 40 years after the events, that all changed with the release of the nearly 200 documents related to the Gulf of Tonkin incident and transcripts from the Johnson Library. Those communications most likely referred to operations to salvage the torpedo boat that had been damaged in the earlier firefight. 1. 6. Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. What Were The Truth'S About Tion About The Gulf Of Tonkin Incident? Reply. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 19. Interpreting this as an act of North Vietnamese aggression, the US government responded by ordering greater military involvement in Vietnam. Answer the question that you wish had been asked of you. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. In addition, even though the losses from bombing could and usually were significant, the North Vietnamese often gained a morale boost when they would shoot an American bomber out of the sky. Omissions? By the time the destroyers broke off their "counterattack," they had fired 249 5-inch shells, 123 3-inch shells, and four or five depth charges.10, Commander Stockdale was again in the action, this time alone. Richmond socialites. . 16, No. voters who did not agree with noisy protests such as those of the 1968 Democratic National Convention. The Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964 proved to be America's key entry point to war in Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, in 1964, was a major turning point in United States military involvement in Vietnam. He admitted that the new SIGINT intercept "pins it down better than anything so far. The process of Vietnamization involved shifting fighting in the Vietnam War from Americans to the Southern Vietnamese. What should have stood out to the U.S. leadership collecting all the data of these attacks was that, with the exception of the battle report, no other SIGINT "chatter" was detected during the attacks on 4 August. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a pair of alleged attacks by North Vietnamese gunboats on two American destroyers in August of 1964 in the Gulf of Tonkin. Which of the following resulted from American commitments to free trade? 5. Tensions heightened in the Tonkin Gulf. More and more saw poverty from the failure of individuals to take full advantage of the American system. A. The resolution was introduced in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, during which two US naval ships were allegedly attacked by North . Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. Both ships began firing at what they thought were torpedo boats, and again they sought air support. In reality, there was no coordination between the forces conducting the operations. Initial successes, however, were limited; numerous South Vietnamese raiders were captured, and OPLAN 34A units suffered heavy casualties. Messages declassified in 2005 and recently released tapes from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library reveal confusion among the leadership in Washington. Johnson, leaning heavily on the same team of advisors that Kennedy had appointed, did not approve of the troop build-up that many were calling for, but kept the increase of American personnel relatively modest. Non-subscribers can read five free Naval History articles per month. "15, Other intelligence supported the belief that an attack had occurred. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. . Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964. Drea, "Tonkin Gulf Reappraisal," p. 5. Reply. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT, Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem, U.S. troops massacred hundreds of civilians, In the 1968 election, Lyndon Johnson decided. What are the main structures of the systemic system? On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, authorizing President Johnson to take any measures he believed were necessary to retaliate and to promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 119; Stockdale, In Love and War, p. 19. The incident was utilized by the Johnson Administration to publicly justify and escalate military operations in the region. Pat Bauer graduated from Ripon College in 1977 with a double major in Spanish and Theatre. They are part of the South Vietnamese Navy . President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. That night proved to be a stormy one. Several hours later, Captain John Herrick of the Maddox, after reviewing the events, sent the message, Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. At 1440, the destroyer detected three North Vietnamese patrol boats approaching her position from the west. It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. Army Colonel H. R. McMaster, author of the highly acclaimed 1997 book Dereliction of Duty, accused Johnson and McNamara of outright deception: To enhance his chances for election, [Johnson] and McNamara deceived the American people and Congress about events and the nature of the American commitment in Vietnam. The opinions expressed within the documents in both releases are those of the authors and individuals interviewed. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in 1964 that gave 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B Johnson, the authority to deploy military forces in Southeast Asia without formally declaring war. After missions in December 1962 and April of the next year, patrols were scheduled for 1964 in the vicinity of OPLAN 34A raids. . Naval Academy. External sources are not required for the short papers. HOPE THIS HELPS YOU. Examine the Tonkin Gulf Resolution which granted president Lyndon Johnson power to make war, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Gulf-of-Tonkin-Resolution, The History Learning Site - Gulf of Tonkin 1964, Ohio History Central - Gulf of Tonkin Incident. For more than 90 minutes, he made runs parallel to the ships' course and at low altitude (below 2,000 feet) looking for the enemy vessels. Led by Commander James B. Stockdale, the four Crusaders strafed one of the boats, claiming it sunk . How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? Unbelievable, but true. History, 21.06.2019 16:00. Commissioned in 1959, she spent her entire career in the Pacific. What really happened to the USS Maddox on that dark night in the Gulf of Tonkin? On August 2, 1964 the USS Maddox was on DEOSTO Patrol in international waters off North Vietnam. 9. On August 2nd, 1964, the USS Maddox destroyer was supposedly conducting reconnaissance in the Gulf of Tonkin when fired upon by North Vietnamese forces in Swatow gunboats. President Jonson took these claims to Congress which subsequently passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. . C. She asked free Black people to pose as enslaved servants in She recruited other Unionists, including government clerks 7. Resulted from a minor naval conflict c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. In my account of the Biden Administrations decision to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines, why did much of the secret planning and training for the operation take place in Norway? She participated extensively in the Vietnam War, and was one of the principal ships involved in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. CINCPACFLT 140203ZJuly64. In exchange for Lee's surrender, Grant offered Anderson, David L., Editor. Without the full picture, Congress could not offer the checks and balances it was designed to provide. The truth was very different. This group consisted of Army Special Forces, Navy Seals, and CIA operatives, among other covert entities. Gulf of Tonkin incident The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and Turner Joy of the U.S. (Wikimedia Commons) F ifty-one years ago today, the United States . 2. On the night of 30-31 July, the destroyer was on station in the Gulf of Tonkin when a 34A raid was launched against Hon Me Island. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. 12. She hired former Confederate soldiers to gather information from On the morning of 4 August, U.S. intelligence intercepted a report indicating that the communists intended to conduct offensive maritime operations in the Gulf of Tonkin. The South Vietnameseconducted OPLAN 34A raids and the U.S. Navy's Desoto patrols could be perceived as collaborative efforts against North Vietnamese targets. "17, McNamara considered the report, coupled with Admiral Sharp's belief the attack was authentic, as conclusive proof. It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. Quoted in Robert Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 24 August 1964," Cryptological Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, p. 6. U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. It's a very good rule."31. What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? B. At the same time, two other South Vietnamese commando boats carried out a similar attack against Hon Ngu Island, more than 25 miles to the south.4. On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. On the afternoon of August 2, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats clashed with the American destroyer Maddox (DD-731) patrolling the coast. "27, Intelligence officials realized the obvious. Subsequently, the White House carried the nation into the longest and one of the most costly conflicts in our nation's history. An intercepted SIGINT message, apparently from one of the patrol boats, reported: "Shot down two planes in the battle area. Robert McNamara, In Retrospect (New York: Vintage, 1996) p. 133. This assignment requires you to use themes from the readings and debate critically the meaning, scope, and/or practices. Answer (1 of 8): Yes. The timing of the retaliation order is significant because shortly after Maddox and Turner Joy reported the attack, there was significant doubt that any action was taken by North Vietnam at all. What was true about the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Stockdale reported seeing no torpedo boats. The destroyers were sent to the area in 1964 in order to conduct reconnaissance and to intercept North Vietnamese communications in support of South Vietnamese war efforts. The two lead boats maneuvered evasively but were nevertheless heavily damaged.