Since both levels of reckless endangerment are felonies that have maximum prison sentences of over five years, as many as five additional years can be added. The minimum fine is $50 with no minimum jail. . According to WXIA-TV, Brooks flashed a firearm in front of her during the argument. Violating the terms of probation can result in the court ordering a jail or prison sentence. The reckless endangerment law in Tennessee provides for Class A misdemeanor to be punished by imprisonment and fines that are not greater than eleven months and twenty-nine days in jail or a fine of $2,500 (or both). Second-Degree Reckless Homicide is a Class D felony punishable by up to 25 years imprisonment with a fine up to $100,000. [69], On January 14, 2022, Waukesha Court Commissioner Kevin Costello ruled in preliminary hearing that Brooks would stand trial due to "ample evidence on all fronts". Dorow, in sentencing Brooks, dismissed his statement as totally lacking in remorse. Because it doesn't involve showing utter disregard for another person's life, second-degree recklessly endangering safety is considered a lesser offense than first-degree. Waukesha police detective Thomas Casey testified in the hearing as a witness, saying that he and other officers at the scene yelled at Brooks to stop. Fines imposed for child endangerment . [43], On the day of the attack, police recovered a damaged Ford Escape and arrested 39-year-old Darrell Edward Brooks Jr. (born February 21, 1982), who was born and raised in Milwaukee, and has an extensive criminal record dating back to 1999. Do you have any idea how gut-wrenching it is to have to explain to your 12-year-old son that his little brother isnt going to make it? Sheri Sparks told Brooks in court Tuesday. [72][73][74] Defense attorney Jeremy Perri entered two motions, requesting in the first one for a different trial in a different county, claiming that Brooks was unlikely to receive a fair and impartial jury trial in grief-stricken Waukesha, citing the "ubiquitous" Waukesha Strong solidarity movement within the county. [64], Brooks was interviewed by Fox News while he was in custody and he said, "I just feel like I'm being monsterdemonized. [30][31] By November 23, two days after the incident, the number of people reported injured had increased to sixty-two and the number of fatalities had increased to six after an eight-year-old child died at a hospital. Also, in the case of child endangerment, a sentence may include the stripping of the person's parental rights. So, what is the definition of reckless endangerment? For the sixty-one counts of reckless endangerment, she sentenced Brooks to a total of 762 years of initial confinement and 305 years of extended supervision. Upon conviction of Reckless endangerment which is a Class 3 misdemeanor the maximum possible penalty is upto 6 months in county jail and / or fine of upto $750 or both + costs. Search phrases with a word or a set of words, find usages in context, see Kyle Rittenhouse, the 17-year-old accused of shooting and killing two people at an anti-police-brutality protest in Kenosha, Wisconsin, has been charged with first-degree intentional homicide . First-degree recklessly endangering safety, "A Wisconsin man is convicted of killing 6 with an SUV in a Christmas parade", "Day 17 of Darrell Brooks trial: No verdict reached after first few hours of deliberations", "Darrell Brooks sentencing - Judge imposes six consecutive life sentences", "Watch Live: WI v. Darrell Brooks - Waukesha Parade Defendant Trial - Sentencing Day 2", "Waukesha community prepares for Darrell Brooks trial", "Man Accused of Killing 6 at Christmas Parade Is Making a Mockery of His Trial", "Day 15 of the Waukesha Christmas Parade attack trial: Brooks stares down Dorow, gets repeatedly removed from court", "Waukesha trial: US man sentenced to life for car-ramming attack", "Police identify Waukesha Christmas parade suspect. It hurts to live without him here.. Endangerment in a sentence up(0) down(0) . While Wisconsin law provides that the defense attorney or the unrepresented inmate may have access to the PSI before sentencing, inmates are denied postsentencing access except by specific court authorization. Brandon P. Crockett, 29, who in September saw the homicide charge against him dropped after prosecutors said there wasn't enough evidence to convince a jury that he committed the crime, received consecutive five-year sentences for possession of a firearm by a felon and second-degree reckless endangerment. Just like all felonies, a Class F felony cannot be expunged from your record and may cause you to lose your right . Offenses involving minor injuries. N.Y. The circuit court's refusal to instruct the jury about the effect of a parent's sincere belief in prayer treatment for their child on the subjective awareness element . Conversely, showing an utter disregard throughout one portion of the incident is enough to hold up a first-degree convictioneven if the accused later shows some evidence of caring for the endangered's life. Linguazza.com website aggregates word and phrase usages for educational and informational purposes 308 East Washington Avenue Madison, WI 53703 (608) 256-8356, Copyright 2019 Eisenberg Law Offices, S.C. All Rights Reserved SiteMap, The Information Contained In This Site Is Not Intended To Provide Legal Advice. philadelphiapersonalinjuryblog.com. Examples can include driving carelessly, car accidents . [96][98] The bail, however, was not a result of any systemic changes to Waukesha's pretrial system;[99][100] the office of the Milwaukee District Attorney John T. Chisholm, which set his bail, said in a statement that "the State's bail recommendation in this case was inappropriately low in light of the nature of the recent charges and the pending charges against Mr. Brooks",[98] and said that bail was a result of "human error" of an overworked assistant district attorney. A conviction for the crime of New York Penal Law 120.20 can land you in jail for as long as one year. Child endangerment charges are quite serious in Wisconsin. The jury got the case Tuesday and deliberated for a total of 3 hours and 15 minutes into Wednesday morning . 940.06 Annotation The second-degree reckless homicide statute requires both the creation of an objectively unreasonable and substantial risk of human death or great bodily harm and the actor's subjective awareness of that risk. ", "Judge rules Brooks is unable to use 'sovereign citizen' defense at trial", "Waukesha Parade trial day 16: Brooks banned from calling witnesses", "Darrell Brooks sentenced to six consecutive life terms, and hundreds of additional years, for the Waukesha Christmas Parade attack", "Waukesha Parade Attack: Darrell Brooks files appeal", "Lead Waukesha prosecutor who helped convict Darrell Brooks calls case 'pinnacle of my career', "Governor Evers "praying for Waukesha tonight", "Gov. Brooks was sentenced on November 16, 2022. Stangl Law has been representing Wisconsin residents in criminal court for over 30 years with an expansive record of successful cases and happy clients to show for it. Wisconsin has two degrees of reckless homicide, but only the second falls into the involuntary manslaughter category. This information is not intended to create, and receipt New York criminal defense lawyers can tell you that Reckless Endangerment, pursuant to New York Penal Law sections 120.20 and 120.25, is a unique crime unlike most other offenses in the New York criminal code. Michael Weiss, 47 years old, was charged with manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, reckless endangerment and other crimes, prosecutors said. Contact Van Severen Law Office to discuss your first or second degree recklessly endangering safety case. Recklessly Endangering Safety. Reckless Endangerment. The Judicial Council Note to 940.02 provides that it is intended to reflect the substance of case law defining "conduct evincing a depraved mind, regardless of human life": First-degree reckless homicide is analogous to the prior offense of 2nd-degree murder. Class 6 Dangerous Felony. The criminal defense attorneys at Eisenberg Law Offices in Madison, Wisconsin are here to help you build a solid defense for reckless endangerment charges. Typically, a person charged with felony reckless endangerment, misdemeanor endangerment or any type of criminal endangerment charge may file a defense by establishing that: The sentence or punishment for criminal reckless endangerment can vary based on the facts of the case and other factors. Reckless endangerment charges may be first- or second-degree charges. "The seriousness of the offense can be summed up frankly in one word, and that is attack,'" Circuit Judge Jennifer Dorow said. Two eyewitnesses told reporters that the driver did not initially stop; all they could hear was people screaming and crying. After pleading guilty in March 2007, Brooks was sentenced to 1236 months at the Northern Nevada Correctional Center in Carson City until being released in September 2008. (1) First-degree recklessly endangering safety. Eisenberg Law Office, S.C. 308 E. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53703 USA (608) 256-8356. "He spoke here today for two hours. Additionally, even if her actions were accidental, she could still face penalties. Endangerment definition: The act of putting someone into danger , or the condition of being in danger. [58], At the time of the attack, Brooks also had an outstanding warrant for a statutory sex crime in Sparks, Nevada, which was issued in 2016. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. All above text quotes are in ownership of their legal [70][71], On February 11, 2022, Brooks pleaded not guilty to all charges. He was also charged with simple assault, two counts of aggravated assault. Class F felonies are also punishable by up to 12 1/2 years in prison, or both a fine and imprisonment. A reckless endangerment charge may be filed against a person in the context of domestic abuse cases, car accidents, child abuse, or other types of abuse such as nursing home abuse or hospital abuse. DISCLAIMER. [78] Before jury selection, one count of domestic battery was dropped by the prosecutors. [13][23] Police reported that the driver deliberately targeted the crowd, driving in a "zig-zag pattern" to hit as many people as possible. Brooks apologized Wednesday after people spoke on his behalf. The potential conviction penalties include up to 12 years, 6 months in prison and/or a fine of up to $25,000. In Wisconsin, to have a reckless state of mind means that the person: Now that we've defined a reckless state of mind, let's look at the law concerning engaging in unsafe conduct. Wisconsin Politics. The stunning news was revealed as Officer Peter Liang pleaded not guilty to manslaughter, criminally negligent homicide, assault, Joel E. Acevedo, 24, was remanded to Chautauqua County Jail without bail following arraignment on three counts of second-degree, Consumer drones are not specifically regulated by the FAA or any other agency in the federal government, but the FAA can come after you for, Micah Alleyne, 24, is charged with murder, criminal possession of a firearm and, STAMFORD, Connecticut ---- Former Stamford Animal Shelter manager Laurie Hollywood, 42, of Newtown, Connecticut, on June 20, 2014 voluntarily surrendered to the Stamford police department in response to a warrant issued for her arrest on three counts of, Cecil police cited him for criminal mischief, intentionally damaging property, negligence and, On December 1st, Jason Sanchez was charged with resisting arrest and first-degree, He has 13 prior arrests for such crimes as, A report on Friday said that Donovan did not offer the grand jury the opportunity to consider a lesser charge of, Synonyms for RECKLESS ENDANGERMENT (related words and expressions). In the United States, an endangerment charge can go from a misdemeanor to a felony depending on the state laws and circumstances of the crime. This type of behavior is referred to as recklessly endangering safety, and it is a felony offense. Dorow also said Brooks showed a "complete and utter lack of remorse," barely apologizing and at times mocking victims with hand gestures or by rolling his eyes. [22] One witness described the driver as "calm and composed". When compared to a DUI, though, wet reckless driving penalties are typically less severe. [84], During his trial, Brooks was repeatedly removed from the courtroom after failing to comply with decorum; some of these instances included Brooks engaging in numerous interruptions, back talking, glaring, and other outbursts with Judge Dorow. The charge carries a maximum sentence of 60 years. "[95], The attack triggered a backlash against bail reform. While knowing how Wisconsin law defines the charges and the outcome of a few past cases may help narrow down your defense strategies, coming up with a proper defense plan will take a combination of legal experience and perseverance. [18] In the final stage of the rampage, an officer fired his gun in an attempt to stop the vehicle. [2], Brooks was sentenced on November 16, 2022. Even if no one is harmed in this situation, that person could still face reckless endangerment charges because there was a chance of someone suffering serious injury or death due to the actions of the party-goer. Were convicted of being under the influence, homicide, assault. In addition to reckless endangerment (usually a misdemeanor), dangerous driving, public endangerment, careless driving, and criminal negligence are similar crimes that can . First-degree recklessly endangering safety is a Class F felony. [9], Waukesha, a western suburb of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has a traditional, annual Christmas parade downtown. The material provided on the Lawyer.Zone's website is for general information purposes only. Please Consult An Attorney To Discuss The Facts Of Your Individual Situation. [75] Court Commissioner Costello denied the first motion but granted the second motion, reassigning the case from Judge Michael Bohren to Chief Judge Jennifer Dorow. Lets dig into our criminal law knowledge and legal dictionary! Proven Wisconsin law firm defending clients against OWI, drug charges, fraud, weapons charges, federal charges and more. I've practiced law in a boutique law firm, worked in a multi-national organization and as in-house counsel. Fines. [40], A Facebook account reported to belong to Brooks contained viewpoints aligning with that of the Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI). Whether or not the accused is legally allowed to carry the firearm does not factor into the case for the firearm's use during a criminal act. [54] The charges against him for that case include second-degree recklessly endangering safety with domestic abuse assessments, a felony, as well as disorderly conduct with domestic abuse assessments; misdemeanor battery with domestic abuse assessments; and obstructing an officer. Under 948.21, Neglecting a child, any person who is responsible for the welfare of a child and who, due . [65][66] In December, Brooks was charged further for the November 21 incident, with charges of intimidating a witness and intimidation of a victim, both felonies. Each situation is unique and requires a defense that is tailored to the circumstances of the situation. See the link below for the law. Engaged in behavior that put someone else at risk of death or great bodily harm, and. In New York, life endangerment crimes can be classified as Class A misdemeanor or Class D felony. Parents who are believed to be putting a child at risk of harm is subject to child endangerment criminal charges. the judge gave Cruz the maximum 60 years on the sexual assault charge and a consecutive 5-year sentence for reckless endangerment. In Wisconsin, a Class F felony is punishable by a fine of $25,000, a state prison sentence of 12 years and 6 months, or both imprisonment and a fine. [29] The police chief said, "We have information that the suspect prior to the incident was involved in a domestic disturbance, which was just minutes prior, and the suspect left that scene just prior to our arrival to that domestic disturbance. [24], During the immediate aftermath of the ramming, five people were confirmed killed and forty-eight others were injured. When wreckless is used in the same way as reckless, it's usually considered a misspelling.Most dictionaries (including this one) do not list wreckless . Wisconsin. Rittenhouse was charged in August with multiple counts, including . "[52], Brooks had been arrested three weeks prior to the Waukesha attack for hitting his ex-girlfriend, and ramming the woman with the same vehicle during a domestic dispute at a gas station in Milwaukee. Our criminal defense lawyers have worked on 1st degree recklessly endangering safety and 2nd degree reckless endangering safety cases. In Wisconsin, it is illegal to engage in conduct that would put another person at risk of harm. I feel gutted and broken. 2. Brooks posted $1,000 bail on November 19, two days before the Waukesha attack, and was released. (513) Mr Noorah faces first-degree manslaughter - with a minimum sentence of 10 years - as well as hit-and-run, reckless endangerment and reckless driving charges in the US. Although no one was harmed, the aunt could still be charged under the recklessly endangering safety law because she could have seriously injured or killed one of the people at the party. A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, under circumstances evincing a depraved indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person. Earlier in the day, Slater was arraigned on charges of criminal mischief, Mr. Richards recalled that Giants wide receiver Plaxico Burress received a two-year sentence after accidentally shooting himself in 2008 (the charges were in fact for criminal possession of a weapon and, During his initial appearance in adult court, Gage Colton Moore pleaded guilty to four charges two second-degree felony counts of automobile homicide and criminal negligence of DUI alcohol/drugs, and two counts of. Police stand near toppled chairs lining W. Main St. in downtown Waukesha, Wis., after an SUV drove into a parade of Christmas marchers, on Nov. 21, 2021. Reckless Endangerment is a serious offense. The adjective reckless means "completely unconcerned about the consequences of one's actions." It typically means the same thing as careless, but often in a way that's also dangerous or potentially destructive.. With the addition of this statute, the maximum penalty for first-degree reckless endangerment with a firearm is 17 years and six months, and the maximum penalty for the second-degree is 15 years. Under New York Penal Law there are there two reckless endangerment offenses that can involve using a gun: reckless endangerment in the second degree and reckless endangerment in the first degree. The [101] A court commissioner who was also involved in setting the bail was indefinitely reassigned to non-criminal cases. ", "Darrell Brooks trial: Fringe theory rejected by judge as 'nonsense', "Darrell Brooks trial: Who has the defendant called to testify? [48] The man was unaware of the events that had occurred and permitted Brooks briefly inside his home, giving him a sandwich and letting him borrow a jacket but asked him to leave when police arrived. Rehabilitation is a permanent fix that can be used for tourism purposes, but to be eligible all sentencing including any probation must have ended at least five years ago. Reckless endangerment is a type of "endangerment" crime whereby the offender's wrongful action, conduct, or behavior is likely to expose others to a significant risk of bodily injury or even death. [42], In March 2022, the United for Waukesha Community Fund announced that they had raised more than $6.2 million for the victims of the attack. For a felony, however, the fines can be $10,000 or more. In this article, we will break down the legal definition of Reckless Endangerment so you know all there is to know about it! IE 11 is not supported. On top of legal consequences, having a reckless driving charge on your . On November 21, 2021, Darrell E. Brooks Jr. drove a sport utility vehicle (SUV) through the annual Christmas parade in Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States, killing six people and injuring sixty-two others. Brandon P. Crockett, 29, who in September saw the homicide charge against him dropped after prosecutors said there wasn't enough evidence to convince a jury that he committed the crime, received consecutive five-year sentences for possession of a firearm by a felon and second-degree reckless endangerment. Each reckless endangerment count carried a maximum sentence of 17 1/2 years in prison. Here's what we know", "The Waukesha Christmas Parade has been canceled as the coronavirus outbreak continues to worsen in the state", "Five Dead in Wisconsin After Driver Plows S.U.V. When to Consider Filing an Appeal in Wisconsin. As significant as it is permanent, a finding of guilt after an arrest for Second Degree Reckless Endangerment, New York Penal Law 120.20, carries with it a punishment that should give us all, and most importantly you, pause. [49], It is believed Brooks acted alone and did not know anyone at the parade. First-degree endangerment is a more serious class F felony which has the same maximum fine but a longer prison sentence of up to 12 years and six months. No specific criminalization laws. Notice: [15][16][17] One police officer banged on the hood of the SUV in an attempt to get the driver to stop. According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), his former social media accounts "indicate support for some conspiratorial, Black nationalist and antisemitic beliefs" and it also wrote that an image posted on his alleged former Facebook account in 2015 had originally been "circulated by members of the Black Hebrew Israelites". If a Wisconsin incident leads to a first-degree endangering safety conviction, the penalty could be up to $25,000, imprisonment of 12.5 years or both. [91] Wisconsin senators Tammy Baldwin and Ron Johnson released a joint statement, asking people to avoid using the event for political purposes. If a firearm or any other deadly weapon is deemed to be involved in the case, the prosecution can seek to add more time to the prison sentencing of nearly any crime. [2], Brooks pleaded not guilty to six counts of first-degree intentional homicide and seventy-one additional charges, and knowingly and voluntarily chose to represent himself at his trial, which began on October 3, 2022. or viewing does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. A person may violate Massachusetts G.L. The victims who were killed were 8 to 81 years old. Reckless endangerment is a term used to refer to acts or omissions constituting crimes under criminal laws exposing another to serious risk of injury or physical harm. [93][94] Waukesha County Executive Paul Farrow posted on social media and stated: "Please pray for our community tonight after the horrific events at the Waukesha Christmas Parade. It's punished by life imprisonment only, as Wisconsin abolished the death penalty in 1853.Although, after the Jeffrey Dahmer case, there was a brief movement to reinstate the death penalty.. ", He went on to say that what happened at the Christmas parade was "not an attack.". Waukesha County Circuit Judge Jennifer Dorow sentenced 40-year-old . "[25] He also said that Brooks was not being chased by police when he drove into the parade route. This type of criminal offense is designed to prohibit reckless or wanton conduct exposing others to serious injury. Second-degree reckless endangerment is a class G felony which carries a maximum monetary fine of $25,000, a prison sentence of not more than 10 years, or a combination of the two. While the Wisconsin Statutes do list involuntary manslaughter as an offense by name, there are other crimes that penalize a person who unintentionally, negligently, or recklessly causes the death of another. A Class F felony in Wisconsin brings a slightly longer maximum prison sentence than a Class G felony. Judge Dorow considered the request and ruled that Brooks could proceed pro se. For a second or subsequent reckless driving conviction within a four-year period, the driver faces up to a year in jail and/or $50 to $500 in fines. THAT PREFER NOT TO MEET ONSITE. Dropping the cigarette on dry grass is reckless since there is a big risk it would start a fire. Second-degree reckless endangerment is less severe and is usually charged when a person acts in a way that puts another persons safety at risk but does not act with utter disregard for human life. After spending the rest of the day behind bars at the East Point Law Enforcement Center in East Point, Brooks appeared in court the following day on May 28 and ended up receiving a signature bond, but never made it to its signature court date. [33], The Waukesha Police Department issued a shelter-in-place order for parts of Waukesha but withdrew it the same evening. Enjoy! In criminal law, the prosecutor has a duty to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused acted in a criminal way and had the intention to act in that fashion (this is referred to as the criminal intent or mens rea). First-degree reckless endangerment requires the person to have done something that endangers someone else with actions that "show utter disregard of human life.". Dorow said Brooks "used that vehicle as a battering ram" and struck people over several blocks, hitting them "as if they were nothing more than speed bumps.". hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(493205, '697ed3e7-4552-46ed-9bfa-468dd4323b4f', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Topics: [6] Brooks presented pseudolegal arguments from the sovereign citizen movement[7] and was repeatedly removed from the courtroom for failing to comply with decorum and courtesy. [92] Pope Francis sent prayers and condolences to the victims on a message signed on his behalf. He posted $500 bail in February. Reckless endangerment. The law defines reckless endangerment to be a gross misdemeanor. Hello Nation! He was placed on a suicide prevention protocol. this offense from second degree reckless homicide. Further, a judge could sentence you to three years of probation, community service and restitution (should there be damage as a result of your criminal recklessness). Reckless endangerment is when a person recklessly engages in conduct that creates a substantial risk of serious bodily injury to another. [85], On October 26, the jury returned with guilty verdicts on all seventy-six counts, after deliberating for a total of three hours and fifteen minutes. Disclaimer Whoever recklessly endangers another's safety under circumstances which show utter disregard for human life is guilty of a Class F felony. Whoever recklessly endangers another's safety is guilty of a Class G felony. ARE AVAILABLE TO ALL POTENTIAL CLIENTS AND CURRENT CLIENTS [8] On October 26, 2022, a jury found Brooks guilty on all seventy-six charges. Reckless endangerment is governed by Wisconsin State Statute 941.30. She said life will never be the same. [50] Prosecutors have alleged that Brooks was trying to "strike and hurt as many people as possible". A judge sentenced a man who killed six people and injured many others when he drove his SUV through a Christmas parade in suburban Milwaukee to life in prison with no chance of release Wednesday, rejecting arguments from him and his family that mental illness drove him to do it. She was able to return to the workplace only last month. [38] First Lady Jill Biden met privately with victims' family members and attended a memorial to the victims on December 15. . Police charged Shannon Ingram with two counts of reckless endangerment . Penal Law and Reckless Endangerment Sentencing; Types of Reckless Endangerment with a Gun Charges. John Hart / Wisconsin State Journal via AP file, Darrell Brooks sentenced to life in killing of 6 at Wisconsin parade, deadly incident in Waukesha, west of Milwaukee, on Nov. 21, 2021, Wisconsin man who killed 6 people at Christmas parade found guilty on 76 charges. In either case, a conviction of this crime is a misdemeanor and is punishable by a prison sentence. [39], Several donation efforts were made, with nearly $900,000 having been raised on GoFundMe for victims of the attack,[40] and 7,000 donations being made raising over $1.8 million to the United for Waukesha Community Fund. Repeat offense. As average Americans . Because it doesn't involve showing utter disregard for another person's life, second-degree recklessly endangering safety is considered a lesser offense than first-degree. Although every jurisdiction will have its own statutory definition of reckless endangerment, you will typically find different types of endangerment charges such as public endangerment, child endangerment, or animal endangerment. If you enjoyed this article on Reckless Endangerment, we recommend you look into the following legal terms and concepts. Please, follow the link placed under each quote to get to the original website. (a) A person is guilty of reckless endangerment in the first degree when, with extreme indifference to human life, he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a risk of serious physical injury to another person. The above homicide . following an initial court appearance. Judge Dorow imposed six life sentences without parole, one for each of the deceased victims, to be served consecutively. In February, a county court jury convicted Ferguson of two counts of aggravated vehicular homicide, vehicular manslaughter, aggravated vehicular assault, vehicular assault, manslaughter, assault.
Everson Funeral Home Williston, Nd Obituaries,
Around The Horn Banned Words List,
Jeremy Paxman Daughter,
Firecracker Edible Not Working,
Articles R