[48] Overall, the team used six different stadiums for their six home games, including Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Cajun Field in Lafayette, Joe Aillet Stadium in Ruston, Malone Stadium in Monroe, and LaddPeebles Stadium in Mobile, Alabama. The office asked him if he could open up the Superdome as a refuge of last resort for the city of New Orleans. Upon making landfall, it had 120-140 mph winds and stretched 400 miles across the coast. Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005. About 16,000 people. Duette Sims stands in the heavily damaged Christian Community Baptist Church in New Orleans' Lower Ninth Ward on August 28, 2007. Her husband would be on the last helicopter. However, it was later found that despite the poor conditions in the Superdome, "it was not the murderous hellhole" it was reported to be. [35], On September 4, NOPD chief Eddie Compass reported, "We don't have any substantiated rapes. It's not a hotel," said the emergency preparedness director for St. Tammany Parish to the Times-Picayune in 1999. As the already strained levee system continued to give way, the remaining residents of New Orleans were faced with a city that by August 30 was 80 percent underwater. There is no particular person for whom Hurricane Katrina was named. We cant spare 6 feet.. That afternoon, Mayor Nagin asked to meet with Thornton and Mouton. Its tenants, the New Orleans Saints, were talking about an open-air stadium on the Mississippi river or moving to another city. Evacuees crowd the floor of the Astrodome in Houston on September 2, 2005. Despite the fact that the Superdome became the city's "refuge of last resort," it was woefully inadequate for housing the thousands of evacuees. And as Vox writes, this wasn't necessarily by choice "but rather because they were too poor to afford a car or bus fare to leave." Then the male employees, and, finally, the men who worked security would be the last to leave. When they got back to the Dome, they arrived to chaos. The backup generator for the lights was barely able to be kept afloat, and after the water supply gave out, the toilets "became inoperable and began to overflow." The levee system that held back the waters of Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Borgne had been completely overwhelmed by 10 inches (25 cm) of rain and Katrinas storm surge. The emergency generator later failed, and engineers had to protect the backup generator from floodwaters by creating a hole in a wall and installing a new fuel line. Reports of other rapes were widespread. That night a National Guardsmangot jumped as he walked through a dark, flooded locker room. Lets think about that very carefully, he said. At its height as a category 5 hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico, Katrinas wind speeds exceeded 170 miles per hour. We will investigate if the individuals come forward. A FEMA medical team at the Superdome on August 31, 2005. [39] However, that number also counted four bodies that were near the dome. https://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/08/refuge-of-last-resort-five-days-inside-the-superdome-for-hurricane-katrina, Your California Privacy Rights/Privacy Policy. Out of the at least 1,800 deaths caused by Hurricane Katrina, nearly half were elderly people. After levees and flood walls protecting New Orleans failed, much of the city was underwater. But inside the Superdome, things were deteriorating rapidly. Over the next two days the weather system gathered strength, earning the designation Tropical Storm Katrina, and it made landfall between Miami and Fort Lauderdale, Florida, as a category 1 hurricanea storm that, on the Saffir-Simpson scale, exhibits winds in the range of 7495 miles (119154 km) per hour. The arrival of 13,000 U.S. National Guard troops and 7,000 U.S. military troops deployed by President George W. Bush helped with evacuations and resupplying food and water to those stranded at the Superdome and convention center, all of whom were finally evacuated on September 3. A refill was supposed to be on the way that day, but opening the door for the fuel truck would flood the room. Thousands of displaced residents take cover from Hurricane Katrina at the Superdome in New . President George W. Bush looks out the window of Air Force One on August 31, 2005, as he flies over New Orleans. And just from the sound of the rain and the wind, I said, Look. As a result, the rumors of lawlessness in New Orleans actually made things much worse for stranded survivors. It was used as an emergency shelter although it was neither designed nor tested for the task. The Industrial Canal was later breached as well, flooding the neighborhood known as the Lower Ninth Ward. [12], By August 30, with no air conditioning, temperatures inside the dome had reached the 90s, and the punctured dome at once allowed humidity in and trapped it there. 11:09. Doug and Denise Thornton woke early to drive back to New Orleans. Blood and feces covered the walls of the facility. WATCH:I Was There: Hurricane Katrina Superdome Survivor. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Despite the planned use of the Superdome as an evacuation center, government officials at the local, state and federal level were criticized for poor preparation and response, especially Mayor of New Orleans Ray Nagin, President George W. Bush, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco, and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. But Thornton wasnt thinking about that right then. 70% of New Orleans occupied housing, 134,000 units, were damaged in the storm. Thousands more were unable to evacuate, including the nearly 25,000 who sheltered in the Superdome. Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast on August 29, 2005 as a Category 3 storm. Meanwhile, NOLA.com reports that New Orleans police officers were given authorization to shoot looters. On the flight out west, Thornton looked down and saw his home in Lakewood South, as well as the seven feet of water surrounding it. A woman slumped over in a wheelchair in a back corner, a One crisis had been averted. And despite the fact that many were long voicing their concerns about the effects of a hurricane in New Orleans, they were ignored until it was too late. The generator was near ground level behind the Superdome, and water was pushing against its exterior door. As general manager of the facility since 1997, he had been through this several times before. It was previously used in 1998 during Hurricane Georges and again in 2004 during Hurricane Ivan, on both occasions for less than two days at most. That night, NOPD Chief of Police Eddie Compass arrived to see Thornton and Col. Mouton. It took 17 men several hours to do the job. We took him to the terrace and said, Look. , As he saw the floodwaters rising around the stadium, the man broke down. [7] According to many, the smell inside the stadium was revolting due to the breakdown of the plumbing system, which included all toilets and urinals in the building, forcing people to urinate and defecate in other areas such as garbage cans and sinks. You have to fend people off constantly. Denise Thornton was tasked with deciding the order of evacuation. His home was destroyed. Thornton and Mouton climbed into a Humvee and drove toward the New Orleans Convention Center, dodging debris and navigating through a little standing water down Poydras Street. Nagin left office in 2010, and was later convicted on charges of bribery, fraud and money laundering committed while in office. They knew what that meant: The Superdome was now running on its backup generator, which could power the lights but not much more. With top winds of around 80 mph, the storm was relatively weak, but enough to knock out power for about 1 million and cause $630 million of damage. The New Orleans Saints played four of their scheduled home games at LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, three at the Alamodome in San Antonio, and one at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. Thornton and Mouton just needed to find a way to keep things under control for 20 hours before it could be enacted. Floodwaters from Hurricane Katrina stranded thousands of New Orleans residents. Deaths in the Superdome. Crack vials littered the bathrooms. According to PBS, two weeks after the storm, 25% of the children remained unaccounted for. He needed to start getting people out. Those without cars were in theory going to be picked up by city buses at stops throughout the city and taken two hours north of New Orleans. In some areas, floodwaters reached depths of 10 to 15 feet, and didnt recede for weeks. [46] Before that first game, the team announced it had sold out its entire home schedule to season ticket holders a first in the franchise's history.[47]. Results: Hurricane Katrina was responsible for the death of up to 1,170 persons in Louisiana; the risk of death increased with age. Hours before three major levees were breached, President Bush announced that New Orleans had "dodged a bullet," despite the fact that Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco had already requested federal assistance two days before the hurricane hit, according to The Society Pages. Everyone remembers Kanye West's infamous comment that "George Bush doesn't care about Black people," but the issue ran far deeper than just the feelings of the president. [45] However, the Saints announced that they would be returning to New Orleans, with the first home game taking place on September 25, 2006 against the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football. A few hours later, at 9:00 AM EDT, reports from inside the dome were that part of the roof was "peeling off" in the violent winds. Parishioners gather during Sunday services in the rebuilt church on May 10, 2015. Between 20,000 and 30,000 people in New Orleans were evacuated to the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. Residents of the B.W. All Rights Reserved. With maximum sustained winds of 175 mph, the storm killed a total of 1,833 people and left millions homeless in New Orleans and along the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. The generator kept burning. Robert Fontaine walks past a burning house fire in New Orleans' Seventh Ward on September 6, 2005. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. I was able to see how bad it was, even though it was night. They worked furiously. The Washington Post reports that not only did the Corps cut costs and pinch pennies in order to save money in the short term, but the engineering of the levees was "a disjointed fashion based on outdated data" (via Vox). Revisit the timeline, impacts, controversy, and disaster recovery of August 2005's Hurricane Katrina, the costliest Atlantic hurricane on record. I wake up in the morning, and the first thing I say is: Where are my babies? Some people even chose to wear medical masks to ease the smell. And as Rob Nixon notes in "Slow Violence, Neoliberalism, and Environmental Picaresque," "Discrimination predates disaster: in failures to maintain protective structures, failures at pre-emergency hazard mitigation, failures to maintain infrastructure, failures to organize evacuation plans for those who lack private transport, all of which make the poor and racial minorities disproportionately vulnerable to catastrophe." Hanging from her roof, a woman waits to be rescued by New Orleans Fire Department workers on August 29, 2005. We had to chase him down, said Sgt. All Rights Reserved. Hurricane Katrina had intruded on the last safe place. Children slept in pools of urine. The total damage from Katrina is estimated to be $125 billion (or $190 billion in 2022 dollars), according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). . Several hundredof Thorntons part-time employees had shown up as well, unable to evacuate, and hed placed them in one of the club lounges along with the families of some New Orleans Police Department officers. It was the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. And cars were overturned on Poydras Street.. Although the rebuilt levees are supposed to protect the city against a flood with a severity that comes every 100 years, the flood brought by Hurricane Katrina was one that, in theory, comes once every 400 years. This is ready to break. [2] Approximately 10,000 residents, along with about 150 National Guardsmen, sheltered in the Superdome anticipating Katrina's landfall. Finally. Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest hurricane to strike the US Gulf Coast since 1928. Up to a month after Hurricane Katrina, over 100 children were still unaccounted for, and it took until November to find everyone. Doug dropped his wife off at their home in the affluent Lakewood South neighborhood of New Orleans, right near the levee at the 17th Street Canal, and drove to the Louisiana Superdome. There was stillno word on when, exactly, the buses would arrive. Prior to Hurricane Katrina, the public school system of New Orleans was one of the lowest-performing districts in the state of Louisiana. But the day before the hurricane hit, with the roads jammed with the vehicles of a million fleeing residents, the city of New Orleans decided to house people in the Superdome temporarily. "[2], Despite these previous periods of emergency use, as Katrina approached the city, officials had not stockpiled enough generator fuel, food, and other supplies to handle the needs of the thousands of people seeking refuge there. [52] The Mountaineers won, 3835. Did you encounter any technical issues? Later that day, Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco ordered New Orleans to be completely evacuated. President Bush was otherwise occupied during this time. And since the hurricane evacuation plan stipulated that "the primary means of hurricane evacuation will be personal vehicles," according to "Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared" (the Senate committee's report), this left the state's most impoverished and vulnerable families, the large majority of whom were people of color, without anywhere to go as Hurricane Katrina hit. At noon, he boarded a helicopter. People seek high ground on Interstate 90 as a helicopter prepares to land at the Superdome in New Orleans on August 31, 2005. They either remained in their homes or sought shelter at locations such as the New Orleans Convention Center or the Louisiana Superdome. The roof was estimated to be able to withstand winds with speeds of up to 200mph (320km/h) and flood waters weren't expected to reach the second level 35 feet (11m) from the ground. Kathleen Blanco and New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin were criticized for not ordering mandatory evacuations sooner. They took off running to the concourse, and saw a nightmare come true the roof in one section above the field had been torn off by the wind. [5] Maj. Gen. Bennett C. Landreneau of the Louisiana National Guard, said that the number of people taking shelter in the Superdome rose to around 15,00020,000 as search and rescue teams brought more people from areas hit hard by the flooding.[6]. And according to Vox, when the Louisiana National Guard asked FEMA for 700 buses to help with the evacuation, only 100 were sent in response. The NOPD was gone. Insurance companies have paid an estimated $41.1 billion on 1.7 million different claims for damage to vehicles, homes, and businesses in six states. Across 13 nursing homes and six hospitals that were investigated in Louisiana, at least 140 patients died as a result of Hurricane Katrina. An aerial view of the catastrophic flooding in Downtown New Orleans on August 31, 2005. A man pushes his bicycle through flood waters near the Superdome in New Orleans on Aug. 31, 2005. Hurricane Katrina was a devastating Category 5 Atlantic hurricane that resulted in 1,392 fatalities and caused damage estimated between $97.4 billion to $145.5 billion in late August 2005, particularly in the city of New Orleans and its surrounding areas. Thornton remembers Compass telling him: Thats why I wanted to come over here and tell you so that you can get your families out.Thornton says Compass then told him he was taking his men out of the Superdome, before hugging him and saying he enjoyed working with him all these years. He just broke down. A group of Amish student volunteers tour the Lower Ninth Ward on February 24, 2006. It was a good option, but one never used. Isaac Chipps contributed reporting to this story. In addition, many of the underlying systemic inequalities and problems that resulted in the severity of the disaster still have not been addressed. The Black population of New Orleans has also fallen, since out of the 175,000 Black residents who left New Orleans, over 75,000 never returned. This is not normal.. In an analysis of 971 fatalities in Louisiana and 15 additional deaths of storm evacuees, 40% of deaths were caused by drowning. They drove four hours from Bossier City where Doug, an executive with SMG, managed a facility back to New Orleans, a lone car on the inbound side of the highway as thousands upon thousands of cars sat in traffic on the outbound lanes. With the failure of the air conditioning, temperatures inside the Superdome reached the high 90s, with heavy humidity. Thornton felt the seconds ticking, each one more dangerous than the last. According to Talk Poverty, "a Black homeowner in New Orleans was more than three times as likely to have been flooded as a white homeowner. A woman gets carried out of floodwaters after being trapped in her home in Orleans Parish, Louisiana, on August 30, 2005. Most of the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina was due to the fact that New Orleans' levees and floodwalls were breached. It is 250 miles south-southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. I would rather have been in jail, Janice Jones said while being taken out of the dome. Never did we think wed be here for nearly a week.. An estimated 80 percent of New Orleans was underwater by August 30. By the evening of August 25, when it made landfall north of the Broward-Miami-Dade county line, it had intensified into a category 1 hurricane. He flew on to Gonzales, where his wife was waiting for him. There were no designated medical staff at work in the evacuation center, no established sick bay within the Superdome, and very few cots available that hadn't been brought in by evacuees. Water floods a cemetery outside St. Patrick's Church in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, on September 11, 2005. Twenty-five thousand miserable people - many of whom lost their homes to Hurricane Katrina - hunkered down with little food and little water, overflowing toilets, stifling heat and the. The bad news is its going to take us several days to pump the water out of the city even if they can stop the water flow from coming in, Thornton recalls Nagin saying. Hurricane Katrina deaths, Louisiana, 2005 Disaster Med Public Health Prep. The hurricane and its aftermath claimed more than 1,800 lives, and it ranked as the costliest natural disaster in U.S. history. estimated population had increased to 376,971. At one point, a desperate man, who had all the belongings he had brought to the Superdome stolen, tried to escape and had to be calmed by National Guardsmen. A woman cries after returning to her house and business, destroyed by Hurricane Katrina, on August 30, 2005, in Biloxi, Mississippi. Although most of these shootings led to criminal prosecutions, "several of the officers involved have avoided prison or [were] still awaiting a final resolution of their cases" up to a decade after the storm. Thornton recruited off-duty NOPD officers to come grab sandbags and carry them from the parking lot, through the loading dock, and back to the generator room from the inside. They had no good options. 2. Cooper housing project play on mattresses on June 10, 2007. He said he just wanted to get out, to go somewhere. Thornton and Mouton found this odd, but figured the drains in the city had been backed up. knock out power for about 1 million and cause $630 million of damage, Cities of the Underworld: Hurricane Katrina, about 100,000 people were trapped in the city when the storm hit, fourth highest of any hurricane in U.S. history, according to a report published in 2008 by the American Medical Association. Supplies were running low, and as the National Guard began to ration things like water and diapers the crowd grew incensed and accused them of hoarding goods for their own use. On August 29, at about 6:20 AM EDT, the electricity supply to the dome failed. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Taking them in through the exterior door would have been quicker, but Thorntoncouldnt risk the flood of water if they opened the back door. The Data Center, a New Orleans-based research organization, estimated that the storm and subsequent flooding displaced more than 1 million people, leaving hundreds of thousands of people homeless. New Orleans went from having a public school system to having a school system composed almost entirely of charter schools, most of them run by charter management organizations. Hell if I know, the mechanic said. On the morning of August 29, 2005, Katrina made landfall around 60 miles southeast of New Orleans. Tulane University postponed its scheduled football game against the University of Southern Mississippi until November 26. WATCH: Cities of the Underworld: Hurricane Katrina on HISTORY Vault. Local legend has it the 73,000-seat stadium was built atop a cemetery, cursing the football team that calls it home the Saints to an eternity as cellar-dwellers. The tropical depression that became Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and meteorologists were soon able to warn people in the Gulf Coast states that a major storm was. They found the building in better shape than the Superdome fewer windows were blown out and the building, unlike the Superdome, had a roof. Three people died in the Superdome; one apparently jumped off a 50-foot high walkway. The moonlight was shining on the water., She paused. He starts off the essay with his own personal account of the damage that Hurricane Katrina left. As Talk Poverty notes, it was directly due to "racially discriminatory housing practices," which meant that"the high-ground was taken by the time banks started loaning money to African Americans who wanted to buy a home.". A man had been caught sexually assaulting a young girl. However, there was no water purification equipment on site, nor any chemical toilets, antibiotics, or anti-diarrheals stored for a crisis. The Social Science Research Council writes that this disparity occurred because elderly people were neither evacuated nor protected effectively. In addition to two unarmed civilians killed at Danziger Bridge, at least ten other people were shot by police in the first week after Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana. Hurricane Katrina not only left more than 1,800 human deaths in its wake, it also rendered thousands homeless as more than 800,000 housing units were destroyed or damaged in the storm. [21] The Astrodome started to fill up, so authorities began to transfer people to the nearby Reliant Arena, Reliant Center, and George R. Brown Convention Center in Downtown Houston in the following days. The cost to repair the dome was initially stated by Superdome commission chairman Tim Coulon to be up to $400 million. As buses finally started arriving to pluck refugees from the Louisiana Superdome yesterday, a horrifying picture emerged of the squalor, violence and mayhem that they faced during the days spent huddled in the stadium. Outside, there was anarchy. In this satellite image, a close-up of the center of Hurricane Katrina's rotation is seen at 9:45 a.m. EST on August 29, 2005 over southeastern Louisiana. On August 28, the storm was upgraded to a category 5 hurricane, with steady winds of 160 mph. Winds of 125 mph and storm surges of 28 feet devastated much of Biloxi and Gulfport, Mississippi. The men found a weak spot in the wall, a metal panel around head height, and punched a hole through it. However, there weren't enough trucks for the patients, so they had to stay in the dome. On June 4, 2006, Pamela Mahogany was interviewed for her personal experience involving the events following Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina had intruded on the last safe place. And despite the fact that this was meant to be a temporary shelter, they ended up being stranded in the stadium for a week. Daryl Thompson and his daughter Dejanae, 3 months old, wait with other displaced residents on a highway to catch a ride out of New Orleans on August 31, 2005. Thanks for contacting us. When Hurricane Katrina forced New Orleans poet Shelton Alexander to evacuate his home, he took his truck and video camera to the Superdome. We pee on the floor. The National Flood Insurance Program paid out $16 billion in claims. The National Guard had pulled back from many parts of the building. The Louisiana Superdome, once a mighty testament to architecture and ingenuity, became the biggest storm shelter in New Orleans the day before Katrina's arrival Monday. According to National Geographic, "some argue that indirect hurricane deaths, like being unable to access medical care, should be counted in official numbers.". Out of 60 nursing homes in New Orleans, 21 had evacuated their residents in advance of Katrina. [citation needed] The building's engineering study was underway as Hurricane Katrina approached and was put on hold. The final official death toll in the Superdome came to six people inside (4 of natural causes, one overdose, and an apparent suicide) and a few more in the general area outside the stadium. Katrina made landfall that morning as a Category 4 storm with sustained winds in excess of 135 mph. They found a 50-foot fuel line and screwed it into the reserve tank of the generator, then ran it out to the truck, which was parked in several feet of water outside the exterior door. - Numerous failures of levees around New Orleans led to catastrophic flooding in the city. 2023 Cable News Network. https://www.britannica.com/event/Hurricane-Katrina, LiveScience - Hurricane Katrina: Facts, Damage and Aftermath, Hurricane Katrina - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). My instincts as a building manager are to evacuate, he said. In 2006, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which was responsible for the design of the levee system in New Orleans, acknowledged that outdated and faulty engineering practices used to build the levees led to most of the flooding that occurred due to Katrina. At the peak of the Katrina recovery effort, 51,039 National Guard soldiers from all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and three territories worked in Louisiana and Mississippi, making Katrina by far . 2008 Dec;2(4):215-23. doi: 10.1097/DMP.0b013e31818aaf55. The population of New Orleans fell from 484,674 in April 2000 to 230,172 in July 2006, a decrease of over 50%. And when the levees were breached, there were only two FEMA workers on the ground. The food inside the freezers had soon rotted, and "the smell was inescapable.". The Society Pages writes that there were six deaths in the Superdome: one by suicide, one by overdose, and four from natural causes. There is feces on the walls, said Bryan Hebert, 43. He made two requests: Hed need a large contingent of National Guardsmen, and a few hours Sunday morning to prepare. The flooding destroyed New Orleans, the Nation's thirty-fifth largest city. The storm that would later become Hurricane Katrina surfaced on August 23, 2005, as a tropical depression over the Bahamas, approximately 350 miles (560 km) east of Miami. The low-income development has been replaced by two-story, townhouse-style buildings. A FEMA employee told Thornton and Mouton they expected to find lots ofdead bodies, and had decided to bring them here, next to the place where those left in the city were fighting to live. Inside the Superdome, things were descending further into hell. In Louisiana, where more than 1,500 people are believed to have died due to Katrinas impact, drowning (40 percent), injury and trauma (25 percent), and heart conditions (11 percent) were the major causes of death, according to a report published in 2008 by the American Medical Association. The federal response to Hurricane Katrina was just as bad as state and local responses. And we look up and see a metal beam, a massive beam, that had been windblown into the aluminum siding. Theres five feet of water on Poydras Street.. Updated The 2006 Sugar Bowl, which pitted the University of Georgia Bulldogs against the West Virginia University Mountaineers, was moved from the Superdome to the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. The storm spent less than eight hours over land. According to CBS News, it took until March 2006 to find all of them: "All but 12 were found alive. He went to his 6 a.m. status meeting with the National Guard and SMG staff, and twenty minutes in the lights flickered off, then back on. [13][35] The attacker was later jailed. First delivery to the Superdome on August 31, 2005. So they hoofed it. The agency also provided $6.7 billion in recovery aid to more than one million people and households. [10][11] On August 28, the Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of MREs (meals ready to eat), enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. Most deaths were caused by acute and chronic diseases (47%), and drowning (33%). This was it. They knew they needed to do a security check before allowing the people inside they couldnt risk anyone bringing guns and knives inside the Dome. It was the most eerie sight Ill ever recall in my life. Police watch over prisoners from Orleans Parish Prison who were evacuated to a highway on September 1, 2005. And it's possible that the deaths may have even numbered as high as 10,000. The day . Though leaving in the light of day would be easier, it could also cause hysteria from those left behind in the Dome. People search for their belongings among debris washed up on the beach in Biloxi on August 30, 2005.
Abby Rockefeller Milton,
Palo Alto User Id Agent Upgrade,
John Bell Helium Problem,
Articles H