Chin J Radiol Med Prot. 2001;93:2037. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged 2005;438:18592. PLoS One. Part of Behav Brain Res. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2003;140:147. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Neurol Sci. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Mortazavi et al. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Article An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. J Sleep Res. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Int J Radiat Biol. Trends Cell Biol. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Mol Brain Res. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Bioelectromagnetics. CAS B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Mol Cell Biol. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. 2014:125. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). 1975;148:1723. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. 2016;397:2239. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Terms and Conditions, Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. 2009;63:10106. 2004;115:1490505. 2004;155:3743. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Radiat Res. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 2003;41:26887. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 2014;8:63. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. 2003;80:177. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. 2000;11:16413. Am J Epidemiol. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. PubMed Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Article Appl Biochem Biotechnol. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. 2006;27:295306. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. 2010;3:4650. Article 1994;15:95104. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Brain Res Rev. Qiao et al. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. 2000;284:30017. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Bioelectromagnetics. Behav Brain Res. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Mild KH, Eriksson M. Case-control study on the use of mobile and cordless phones and the risk for malignant melanoma in the head and neck region. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. J Neuro. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Wang et al. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Acta Neurol Belg. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Pathophysiology. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Megha et al. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2004;996:8996. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. 2015;51:15865. 2003;11:346. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;89:11007. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. By using this website, you agree to our found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Google Scholar. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. 2006;79:13140. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. as it have a harmful side. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. 2011;174:211. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2013;5:5500110. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2004;48:46624. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Neuroreport. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Yale J Biol Med. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. 2016;53:210011. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. However,. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. 2007;28:187380. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. Verma et al. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Behav Brain Res. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Electromagn Biol Med. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Wang et al. J Mol Neurosci. The role of microRNAs in cancer. PubMed As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Wang Q, Cao Z. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. J Environ Health. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. 2001;12:72931. PubMed [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Interphone study group. Google Scholar. 1992;49:1818. Ning et al. Google Scholar. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Cookies policy. 1984;5:6370. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Behav Brain Res. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. The effects are usually . However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. J Neurosci Methods.
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